Chromosome definition a chromosome is a string of dna wrapped around associated proteins that give the connected nucleic acid bases a structure. The international baccalaureate organization known as the ib offers four high quality. A solutions manual containing worked solutions of all the supplemental. The terms karyotype and karyogram have different meanings. Read our complete set of ib biology notes and our free study guide to the.
Chromosome definition and examples biology online dictionary. Below we cover all the topics mentioned in the latest syllabus. The number of chromosomes in their cells is the same. Ia type a, ib type b, iitype o, a and b are codominant. These include those resulting from the improper synthesis of. A heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. Karyotype is a property of a cellthe number and type of chromosomes present in the nucleus, not a photograph or diagram of them. Given a diploid number for example 2n4, outline the movement and structure of dna through the stages of meiosis. By nature, the genetic information from both parents is expected to be seen in the offspring following fertilization. The gene products are transferase enzymes that attach either of two.
January 2, 2018 meiosis notes ib biology hl mitosis two six meiosis oh. Full article primer walking is a sequencing method of choice for sequencing dna fragments between 1. Explain why chromosomes must condense during mitosis 1. The number of chromosomes is a characteristic feature of members of a species. Essential vocabulary for biology staar vocabulary term scientific definition what a textbook might say student definition how do you understand this, in 10 words or less. This covers all the topics and modules mentioned in the specificationsyllabus.
Chromosome is circular compared to linear eukaryotic chromosomes one copy of each. It is broken down into many fields, reflecting the complexity of life from the atoms and molecules of biochemistry to the biology dictionary provides definition, examples and quiz for common biology terms, including molecular biology, cell biology. However, it is possible for this genetic information to mutate, which in most cases, can result in fatal or negative consequences in the outcome of the new organism. Fully revised and updated, the sixth edition of this dictionary provides comprehensive coverage of biology, biophysics, and biochemistry, as well as key terms from medicine and palaeontology. Science use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well. Let us begin by considering the nature of the nucleotide, the fundamental building block of dna.
Chromosome chromosome, the microscopic threadlike part of the cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes. Modern principles of other fields, such as chemistry, medicine, and physics, for example, are integrated with those of biology in areas such as biochemistry, biomedicine, and biophysics. Pdf dictionary of plant genetics and molecular biology. Every chromosome pair represents a set of homologous chromosomes. Experiments are then used to eliminate one of more of the possible hypothesesuntilonehypothesisremains. T eachers and students from around the world use the site as a reference. Biozone produces high quality resources for high school biology in the us grades 912. Its a shop manual, with an incredibly detailed blueprint. A chromosome is a dna deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with part or all of the genetic material genome of an organism. Biology for life is designed for students enrolled in ib biology at skyline high school in the issaquah school district, located in the beautiful state of washington, usa.
U10 sex is determined by sex chromosomes and autosomes are chromosomes that do. It is related to several other tools used for the same purpose, including chromosome walking. Biology questions and answers biology study guide answer key biology study guide answers biology study guide ib biology study guide pdf biology study notes biology syllabus in kenya biology test questions and answers biology test questions and answers pdf biology topics form one biology. What is the probability of producing a short son with ab blood. The genetic material of organisms is packaged into units called chromosomes 2. The development and function of an organism is in large part controlled by genes. State that dna is replicated in interphase before meiosis. Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plant and animal cells.
The book also presents considerable evidence of the ways in which dna banking, by permitting relatively easy transfer and analysis of genetic material, can improve genebank management, plant. Learn ib biology topic genetics glossary with free interactive flashcards. U3 dna is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids. For a fetus to develop as a male, the tdf testis determining factor gene on the y chromosome causes development of testes and production of testosterone. More than in most fields of biology, genetic resources and genetic information are. Draw a picture or give an example of this vocabulary term. Molecular biology 1866 genetics start to get attention when mendel experimented with green peas and publish his finding 1910 morgan revealed that the units of heredity are contained with chromosome, 1944 it is confirmed through studies on the bacteria that it was dna that carried the genetic information.
Aftermanytrialsrepeatabilityandallpredictionshavebeencon. Usingdeduction,scientistsusetheprinciplesof theirhypothesistomakepredictions,andthentesttomakesurethattheirpredictionsare con. International baccalaureate ib biology revision notes made for the standard level sl. A human karyotype shows the complete set of human chromosomes. The genes are arranged in a manner similar to beads strung on a loose string. Chromosome jumping is a technique of molecular biology that is used as a tool in the physical mapping of genomes. The phosphate and the sugar have the structures shown in figure 62. Its a history book a narrative of the journey of our species through time. During interphase of the cell cycle, the chromosome exists in a loose structure, so proteins can be translated from the dna and the dna can be replicated.
The nucleotide consists of a phosphate joined to a sugar, known as 2 deoxyribose, to which a base is attached. Whitehead institute for biomedical research and the dept. Genes are carried in a linear arrangement in the chromosome, where they occupy stable positions. Define the term naked in relation to prokaryotic dna.
Therefore gender depends on whether the sperm which fertilizes the egg is carrying an x or a y chromosome. In the first chapter, the book starts with providing definition of life, and introduces the levels of biological terms and the concept of taxonomy. We know that curriculum development is a continuous process on which textbooks are written. This chromosome is defective and unusually short because of reciprocal translocation, t9. Biology, study of living things and their vital processes that deals with all the physicochemical aspects of life. Choose from 500 different sets of ib biology topic genetics glossary flashcards on quizlet. Explain why the typical number of chromosomes in a species is always an even. Genetic biology definition of genetic biology by medical. Chromosome mutations are changes that occur in chromosomes and are typically the result of either errors that happen during meiosis or by exposure to mutagens such as chemicals or radiation. Such fragments are too long to be sequenced in a single sequence. Some genes are present on the x chromosome and absent from the shorter y chromosome in humans. Genetics definition and examples biology online dictionary. Basically, genes seemed to be particulate objects, arranged on the chromosome like beads on a string. Chromosomes, genes, and alleles ib biology table of contents.
Biology guide 1 introduction purpose of this document this publication is intended to guide the planning, teaching and assessment of the subject in schools. Chromosomes that contain similar genes or dna sequences but are not identical. Chromosome breakage and duplications can cause several types of chromosome structural changes that are typically harmful to the individual. Wallace f marshall, yale university, nature cell biology, august 2003. The required background knowledge for this book is not extensive, making it suitable for an upper level undergraduate or graduate course on chromosome biology or as a supplementary text for an advanced molecular biology course. Most eukaryotic chromosomes include packaging proteins which, aided by chaperone proteins, bind to and condense the dna molecule to prevent it from becoming an unmanageable tangle. A defining feature of any chromosome is its compactness.
This involves the study of the cause of many specific heritable diseases. Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis. Chromosome thick shortened strands of genetic material dna that is inaccessible or packaged. Oxford ib diploma program by andrew allott the only diploma program biology resource developed with the ib to the most comprehensive coverage of the 2014 syllabus, this resource pack includes a print and online biology course book, for fully flexible learning. It includes biographies of key scientists, and feature articles on important topics, such as bioinformatics, genetically modified organisms, microarray technology, and rna interference. Concise dictionary of genetics at the end of the book for students to check their. Your ib biology course book to help you gauge your progress and understanding, the answers for the databased questions in your ib biology course book are available here. Definition noun 1 the study of the patterns of inheritance of specific traits, relating to genes and genetic information 2 heredity supplement genetics include biological studies in heredity, particularly the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Ib biologygenetics wikibooks, open books for an open world. Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome, include the centromere and sister chromatids. Because a change in the dna sequence affects all copies of the encoded protein, mutations can be particularly damaging to a cell or organism.
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